/moon/ climate

As for /moon/'s climate, it would have two general climate zones, with the east being wetter and the west being drier. Under the current climate arrangement, the east would be considered tropical savanna climate, while the west would be considered hot desert. Basically you can expect the east coast to be a mixture of seasonal tropical forest, woodland, and grassland. The further west you go, the fewer trees you get, and eventually the grass starts giving way to shrubs, until you reach the west coast where it is mostly desert, likely with a fair amount of coastal fog.
Geologically, the analysis classifies it as geologic shield, although personally I think it might be Ophiolitic in nature. In Layman's term, the top soil for most of /moon/ is likely some kind of laterite, desert soil, and maybe sand in the west. They are low in fertility and laterite is mostly useful for construction and potentially extracting iron from it.
Beneath the soil is the bedrock, which may or may not have a mixture of silicate, carbonate, and flint from the ancient seabed (it may or may not have been fully eroded away). Under that would be a layer of basalt, which is also iron-rich and is where the laterite got its iron from. That is about as deep as you can probably dig given the current tech level, but sometimes you might get some rocks protruding from beneath for various reasons, in which case you might get some other igneous and metamorphic rocks like gabbro and granite. As for mineral resources, iron is the most obvious one, although you can still have some degree of gold, silver, copper, zinc, and lead, perhaps more common in the west since it is not as eroded.